Energy consumption is a major driver of environmental pressure factors, especially climate change. Reducing the number of trips and time spent in traffic, using more fuel-efficient modes of transportation, increasing the energy efficiency of vehicles, and using technologies that use renewable or low-carbon fuels are methods to reduce transportation fuel consumption.

In 2020, the total energy consumption of the transport sector increased by 209.32% compared to 1990, reaching 26,979 thousand TOE (tonnes of oil equivalent). Excluding the 171 thousand TOE consumed in pipeline transport, 95% of the 26,808 thousand TOE was consumed in road transport, 2.7% in air transport, 1.5% in maritime transport and 0.7% in rail transport.^[81]

In 2020, air transport energy consumption increased by 218% compared to 1990, followed by road transport with an increase of 161% and maritime transport with an increase of 132% compared to 1990. Rail transport energy consumption decreased by 15% compared to 1990.

GRAPH 113- FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY MODE OF TRANSPORT(thousand TOE)

Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, http://www.eigm.gov.tr/tr-TR/Denge-Tablolari/Denge-Tablolari

Of the 26,808 thousand TOE of energy consumed in the transportation sector in Turkey in 2020, excluding pipelines, 98.9% were petroleum products, 0.2% natural gas, 0.46% bioenergy and waste, and 0.40% electricity.